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Dementia
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The six key cognitive domains used to assess and diagnose dementia, according to the American Psychiatric Association and DSM-5, are complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual-motor function, and social cognition. Complex attention encompasses the ability to focus on multiple things simultaneously, choose what to pay attention to, and maintain focus over time. Executive function refers to higher-level cognitive abilities that control and coordinate other cognitive functions and behaviors, such as planning, decision-making, and problem-solving. Learning and memory involve the ability to record information, such as facts or events, and retrieve it when needed. The language domain focuses on the ability to communicate, whether through speaking, writing, reading, or understanding language. Perceptual-motor function encompasses the ability to coordinate body movements in response to what is happening around us, including visual-spatial processing and motor skills. Social cognition focuses on how we process, remember, and use information in social contexts to explain and predict our behavior as well as the behavior of others.
What is DemenTia
Psychological changes
Gognitive Changes
Dementia is a term used to describe a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking and social abilities. In people who have dementia, the symptoms interfere with their daily lives. Dementia isn't one specific disease. Several diseases can cause dementia (Mayo Clinic, 2025).
Gognitive Changes
Psychological changes
Gognitive Changes
- Memory loss, which is usually noticed by someone else.
- Problems communicating or finding words.
- Trouble with visual and spatial abilities, such as getting lost while driving.
- Problems with reasoning or problem-solving.
- Trouble performing complex tasks.
- Trouble with planning and organizing.
- Poor coordination and control of movements.
- Confusion and disorientation (Mayo Clinci 2025).
Psychological changes
Psychological changes
Psychological changes
- Personality changes.
- Depression.
- Anxiety.
- Agitation.
- Inappropriate behavior.
- uspiciousness, known as paranoia.
- Seeing things that aren't there, known as hallucinations (Mayo Clinic)
What is anosognosia?
agitation or aggression
agitation or aggression
Anosognosia is a neurological condition in which the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition. It is associated with mental illness, dementia, and structural brain lesion, as is seen in right hemisphere stroke patients.
agitation or aggression
agitation or aggression
agitation or aggression
Agitation and aggression are common behavioral symptoms observed in older adults, particularly those with cognitive impairments such as dementia or Alzheimer's disease. These behaviors can manifest as restlessness, irritability, verbal outbursts, or physical aggression. The causes of agitation and aggression can be multifaceted, including
Agitation and aggression are common behavioral symptoms observed in older adults, particularly those with cognitive impairments such as dementia or Alzheimer's disease. These behaviors can manifest as restlessness, irritability, verbal outbursts, or physical aggression. The causes of agitation and aggression can be multifaceted, including medical conditions, environmental factors, unmet needs, or psychological stressors.
Key Points:
- Medical Factors: Pain, infections, or medication side effects can contribute to agitation and aggression.
- Environmental Triggers: Changes in routine, unfamiliar surroundings, or overstimulation can provoke these behaviors.
- Psychological Stress: Anxiety, depression, or feelings of frustration due to cognitive decline can lead to agitation.
- Management Strategies: Creating a calm environment, maintaining a consistent routine, addressing medical issues, and using behavioral interventions can help manage these symptoms.
Understanding and addressing the underlying causes of agitation and aggression are crucial for improving the quality of life for older adults and their caregivers.
What is sundowning?
agitation or aggression
What is sundowning?
Sundowning is a phenomenon often observed in older adults, particularly those with dementia or Alzheimer's disease, where they experience increased confusion, agitation, or aggression during the late afternoon and evening. This state can manifest as restlessness, irritability, or even aggressive behavior, making it challenging for caregiv
Sundowning is a phenomenon often observed in older adults, particularly those with dementia or Alzheimer's disease, where they experience increased confusion, agitation, or aggression during the late afternoon and evening. This state can manifest as restlessness, irritability, or even aggressive behavior, making it challenging for caregivers and loved ones to manage. Creating a supportive and calming environment, maintaining a consistent routine, and minimizing stressors can help alleviate some of the symptoms associated with sundowning.